Kwisibhengezo esibalulekileyo ngorhatya lwe-3 ka-Okthobha ka-2023, iBhaso leNobel kwiFiziksi yonyaka ka-2023 latyhilwa, kuthathelwa ingqalelo igalelo elibalaseleyo lezazinzulu ezintathu ezidlale indima ebalulekileyo njengoovulindlela kwindawo yetekhnoloji ye-laser ye-attosecond.

Igama elithi "attosecond laser" lifumana igama lalo kwixesha elifutshane ngokumangalisayo elisebenza kulo, ngokukodwa ngokulandelelana kwee-attoseconds, ezihambelana ne-10 ^ -18 imizuzwana. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kobu buchwepheshe, ukuqonda okusisiseko kwento ethethwa yi-attosecond yeyona nto ibalulekileyo. I-attosecond ime njengeyunithi yemizuzu egqithileyo yexesha, eyenza ibhiliyoni yebhiliyoni yesekondi ngaphakathi kwimeko ebanzi yomzuzwana omnye. Ukuze sikuqonde oku, ukuba besinokufanisa umzuzwana nentaba ephakamileyo, iattosecond ibiya kufana nokhozo olunye lwentlabathi ebekwe emazantsi entaba. Kweli thuba lidlulayo, nokukhanya akunako ukunqumla umgama olingana nobukhulu beathom nganye. Ngokusetyenziswa kwee-laser ze-atosecond, izazinzulu zifumana amandla angazange abonwe ngaphambili okuphonononga kunye nokukhohlisa amandla okutshintsha kwee-electron ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo zeathom, ngokufana nesakhelo-nge-sakhelo sokuphinda-hamba kade kulandelelwano lwe-cinematic, ngaloo ndlela bejonga kumdlalo wabo.

Atosecond lasersimele isiphelo sophando olubanzi kunye neenzame ezidibeneyo zezazinzulu, ezisebenzise imigaqo ye-nonlinear optics ukwenza iilaser ezikhawulezayo. Ukufika kwabo kusinike indawo entsha yokujonga kunye nokuphonononga iinkqubo eziguquguqukayo ezihamba ngaphakathi kwee-athom, iiathom, iimolekyuli, kunye nee-electron ezikwimathiriyeli eyomeleleyo.

Ukucacisa ubume bee-laser ze-attosecond kunye nokuxabisa iimpawu zabo ezingaqhelekanga xa kuthelekiswa nee-lasers eziqhelekileyo, kuyafuneka ukuba uphonononge ukuhlelwa kwazo ngaphakathi "kosapho lwe-laser." Ukuhlelwa ngamaza obude bubeka ii-laser ze-attosecond ikakhulu kuluhlu lwe-ultraviolet ukuya kumaza athambileyo e-X-reyi, abonisa ubude bawo obufutshane obufutshane ngokungafaniyo neelasesi eziqhelekileyo. Ngokweendlela zokuphuma, ii-laser ze-attosecond ziwela phantsi kodidi lwee-lases ze-pulsed, eziphawulwa bubude obufutshane kakhulu be-pulse. Ukuzoba isifaniso sokucaca, umntu unokubona iilaser eziqhubekayo ezifana netotshi ekhupha ukukhanya okungapheliyo, ngelixa ii-laser ze-pulsed zifana nokukhanya kwestrobe, zitshintshana ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwamaxesha okukhanya kunye nobumnyama. Ngokwenyani, iilaser ze-attosecond zibonisa indlela yokuphefumla phakathi kokukhanya nobumnyama, ukanti utshintsho lwazo phakathi kwala mazwe mabini lwenzeka ngamaxesha amangalisayo, lufikelela kwindawo yee-attoseconds.

Ukwahlulwa ngakumbi ngamandla kubeka iilaser kumandla aphantsi, amandla aphakathi, kunye nezibiyeli zamandla aphezulu. I-laser ye-Attosecond ifumana amandla aphezulu aphezulu ngenxa yobude bexesha elifutshane kakhulu le-pulse, ekhokelela kumandla aphezulu (P) - achazwa njengobunzulu bamandla ngexesha leyunithi (P = W / t). Nangona i-laser ye-attosecond pulses isenokungabinawo amandla amakhulu kakhulu (W), ubungakanani bayo bethutyana obushunquliweyo (t) bubanika amandla aphezulu aphezulu.

Ngokubhekiselele kwimida yesicelo, iilaser zinwenwela kuluhlu olubandakanya ushishino, ezonyango, kunye nosetyenziso lwenzululwazi. I-laser ye-Attosecond ngokuyintloko ifumana i-niche yazo ngaphakathi kwendawo yophando lwezenzululwazi, ngakumbi kuphononongo lweziganeko eziguqukayo ngokukhawuleza ngaphakathi kwemida yefiziksi kunye nekhemistri, ebonelela ngefestile kwiinkqubo zehlabathi ezikhawulezayo ze-microcosmic.

Ukwahlulahlulwa ngelaser medium delineates lasers as gas lasers, solid-state lasers, liquid lasers, kunye semiconductor lasers. Isizukulwana se-laser ye-attosecond sixhomekeke kwimithombo yeendaba ye-laser yerhasi, ukwenza imali kwiziphumo zamehlo ezingahambelaniyo ukuze kuveliswe ii-harmonics ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

Ngamafutshane, iilaser ze-attosecond zenza udidi olulodwa lweelasesi ezimfutshane, ezahlulwe ngobude bazo obufutshane ngokungaqhelekanga, obulinganiswa ngee-attoseconds. Ngenxa yoko, baye baba zizixhobo eziyimfuneko zokujonga kunye nokulawula iinkqubo eziguquguqukayo ze-elektroni ngaphakathi kwee-athomu, iimolekyuli kunye nezixhobo eziqinileyo.

Inkqubo eBalulekileyo ye-Attosecond Laser Generation

Itekhnoloji ye-laser ye-Attosecond imi phambili kubuchule obutsha bezenzululwazi, iqhayisa ngeseti enzima yeemeko zesizukulwana sayo. Ukucacisa ubucukubhede besizukulwana se-laser ye-attosecond, siqala ngengcaciso emfutshane yemigaqo esisiseko, silandelwa zizikweko ezicacileyo eziphuma kumava emihla ngemihla. Abafundi abangafundiswanga kubuntsonkotha befiziksi efanelekileyo akufuneki baphelelwe lithemba, njengoko izafobe ezilandelayo zijolise ekunikezeni isiseko sefiziksi ye-attosecond lasers ifikeleleke.

Inkqubo yokuvelisa i-laser ye-attosecond ngokuyintloko ixhomekeke kwindlela eyaziwa ngokuba yi-High Harmonic Generation (HHG). Okokuqala, i-boam ye-high-intensity femtosecond (10 ^ -15 imizuzwana) i-laser pulses igxininiswe ngokuqinileyo kwizinto ezijoliswe kuyo zegesi. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba ii-laser ze-femtosecond, ezifana ne-laser ye-attosecond, zabelana ngeempawu zokuba ne-pulse ubude obufutshane kunye namandla aphezulu aphezulu. Ngaphantsi kwempembelelo ye-laser eqinile, ii-electron ngaphakathi kwee-athomu zegesi zikhululwa okomzuzwana kwi-nuclei yazo ye-athomu, zingena ngokukhawuleza kwimeko yee-electron zamahhala. Njengoko ezi electron zijikeleza ngokuphendula kwibala lelaser, ekugqibeleni zibuyela kwaye ziphinde zihlangane nenuclei yeathom yomzali wazo, zenza amazwe amatsha anamandla aphezulu.

Ngethuba le nkqubo, ii-electron zihamba ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu, kwaye emva kokuphinda zidityaniswe ne-nuclei ye-athomu, zikhupha amandla ongezelelweyo ngendlela yokukhutshwa kwe-harmonic ephezulu, ebonakala njengeefotoni zamandla aphezulu.

Iifrikhwensi zezi fotoni zisandul' ukuveliswa zinamandla amaninzi aphindaphindwayo efrikhwensi yelaser yokuqala, zenza into ebizwa ngokuba zii-harmonics zodidi oluphezulu, apho "i-harmonics" ichaza iifrikhwensi eziziphindaphinda ezidityanisiweyo zohlobo lokuqala. Ukufumana i-laser ye-attosecond, kuyafuneka ukuba ukucoca kwaye ugxininise ezi zi-harmonics zikumgangatho ophezulu, ukhethe ii-harmonics ezithile kwaye uzigxininise kwindawo ekugxilwe kuyo. Ukuba uyanqweneleka, iindlela zokucinezela i-pulse zingafinyeza ngakumbi ubude be-pulse, zinike i-ultra-short pulses kuluhlu lwe-attosecond. Ngokucacileyo, ukuveliswa kweelaser ze-attosecond yinkqubo entsonkothileyo neneenkalo ezininzi, efuna umgangatho ophezulu wobugcisa kunye nezixhobo ezikhethekileyo.

Ukuyifihla le nkqubo intsonkothileyo, sinikezela ngokuhambelana okungokomfanekiso okusekelwe kwimiba yemihla ngemihla:

Ukuqina okuphezulu kweFemtosecond Laser Pulses:

Yiba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wokuba nesixhobo esinamandla esinamandla sokugibisela amatye ngoko nangoko ngesantya esikhulu, ngokuhambelana nendima edlalwe zii-high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses.

Izinto ekujoliswe kuzo ngegesi:

Yiba nomfanekiso ngqondweni wamanzi azolileyo afuzisela into ekujoliswe kuyo yigesi, apho ithontsi ngalinye lamanzi limela inyambalala yeeathom zegesi. Isenzo sokuqhubela amatye kulo mzimba wamanzi ngokufana nesipili impembelelo ye-high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses kwizinto ekujoliswe kuzo yigesi.

Intshukumo ye-Elektroni kunye noNxibelelwano (Utshintsho olumiselwe ngokwasemzimbeni):

Xa i-femtosecond laser pulses ichaphazela iiathom zerhasi ngaphakathi kwezinto ekujoliswe kuzo yigesi, inani elibalulekileyo leelektroni zangaphandle zonwatyiswa okomzuzwana ukuya kwimeko apho ziphuma khona kwinuclei yeathom yazo, zenza imeko efana neplasma. Njengoko amandla enkqubo esihla emva koko (ekubeni ii-laser pulses zishukunyiswa ngokwendalo, zinezithuba zokuyeka), ezi electron zangaphandle zibuyela kwindawo yazo yeenuclei zeathom, zikhupha iiphotons ezinamandla kakhulu.

IsiZukulwana esiPhezulu seHarmonic:

Khawufane ucinge ixesha ngalinye ithontsi lamanzi libuyela kumphezulu wechibi, lidala amaza, afana neeharmonics eziphezulu kwiilaser ze-attosecond. Ezi ripples zinee-frequencies eziphezulu kunye ne-amplitudes kunezokuqala ezibangelwa yi-primary femtosecond laser pulse. Ngexesha lenkqubo yeHHG, i-laser beam enamandla, efana nokuphosa amatye ngokuqhubekayo, ikhanyisa igesi ekujoliswe kuyo, efana nomphezulu wechibi. Eli thafa libukhali lelaser liqhubela ii-elektroni kwirhasi, zifane nezambuku, kude ne-athomu yomzali wazo kwaye emva koko izitsale umva. Ngalo lonke ixesha i-electron ibuyela kwi-atom, ikhupha umqa welaser onamaza angaphezulu, afana neepateni ezintsonkothileyo zokuriphuka.

Ukuhluza kunye nokuGxila:

Ukudibanisa yonke le miqadi yelaser esandula kuveliswa kuvelisa imibala eyahlukeneyo (i-frequencies okanye i-wavelengths), eminye eyenza i-attosecond laser. Ukwahlula ubungakanani obuthile be-ripple kunye namaza, ungasebenzisa isihluzo esikhethekileyo, ngokukhetha iiripples ezifunekayo, kwaye uqeshe iglasi yokukhulisa ukuzijolisa kwindawo ethile.

Uxinzelelo lwePulse (ukuba kuyimfuneko):

Ukuba ujonge ukusasaza ama-ripples ngokukhawuleza namfutshane, unokukhawulezisa ukusasaza kwawo usebenzisa isixhobo esikhethekileyo, ukunciphisa ixesha elihlala lihamba. Ukuveliswa kwe-laser ye-attosecond kubandakanya ukudibanisa okuyinkimbinkimbi kweenkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, xa ichithwa kwaye ibonwa, iba yinto eqondakalayo.