Kwisaziso esibalulekileyo ngokuhlwa komhla wesi-3 kweyeDwarha ngo-2023, kwatyhilwa iMbasa yeNobel kwiFiziksi yonyaka ka-2023, kuqatshelwa igalelo elibalaseleyo lezazinzulu ezintathu ezidlale indima ebalulekileyo njengoovulindlela kwicandelo letekhnoloji ye-attosecond laser.

Igama elithi "i-attosecond laser" livela kwi-timescale ende kakhulu esebenza kuyo, ngakumbi ngokulandelelana kwe-attoseconds, ehambelana nemizuzwana eli-10^-18. Ukuze siqonde ukubaluleka okunzulu kwale teknoloji, ukuqonda okusisiseko kwento ethethwa yi-attosecond kubaluleke kakhulu. I-attosecond imi njengeyunithi yexesha elinomzuzu kakhulu, isenza i-billionth ye-billionth ye-second kumxholo obanzi we-second enye. Ukuze sikubone oku, ukuba besinokufanisa i-second nentaba ende, i-attosecond ibiya kufana nesanti enye ebekwe kwisiseko sentaba. Kule sithuba sexesha esifutshane, nokukhanya akunakudlula umgama olingana nobukhulu be-atom nganye. Ngokusebenzisa i-attosecond lasers, izazinzulu zifumana amandla angaqhelekanga okuphonononga nokulawula amandla e-electron kwizakhiwo ze-athomu, afana nokuphindaphinda kwe-frame-by-frame slow-motion kulandelelwano lwe-cinematic, ngaloo ndlela zijonga indlela ezisebenzisana ngayo.

Iileyiza ze-Attosecondimele isiphelo sophando olunzulu kunye nemizamo edibeneyo yososayensi, abaye basebenzisa imigaqo ye-nonlinear optics ukwenza ii-laser ezikhawulezayo. Ukufika kwabo kusinike indawo entsha yokujonga nokuhlola iinkqubo eziguqukayo ezenzeka ngaphakathi kweeathomu, iimolekyuli, kwanee-elektroni kwizinto eziqinileyo.

Ukuze sicacise uhlobo lwee-laser ze-attosecond kwaye siqonde iimpawu zazo ezingaqhelekanga xa kuthelekiswa nee-laser eziqhelekileyo, kubalulekile ukuphonononga udidi lwazo ngaphakathi "kosapho lwe-laser" olubanzi. Ukwahlula ngokwe-wavelength kubeka ii-laser ze-attosecond ikakhulu ngaphakathi koluhlu lwee-frequency ze-ultraviolet ukuya kwi-X-ray ethambileyo, nto leyo ebonisa ubude bazo obufutshane kakhulu ngokungafaniyo nee-laser eziqhelekileyo. Ngokweendlela zokukhupha, ii-laser ze-attosecond ziwela phantsi kodidi lwee-laser ezi-pulsed, ezibonakaliswa bubude bazo obufutshane kakhulu be-pulse. Ukuze sidwebe umfanekiso wokucaca, umntu unokucinga ngee-laser ezi-continuous-wave ezifana ne-flashlight ekhupha ukukhanya okuqhubekayo, ngelixa ii-laser ezi-pulsed zifana nokukhanya kwe-strobe, zitshintshana ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwamaxesha okukhanya nobumnyama. Ngokwenyani, ii-laser ze-attosecond zibonisa ukuziphatha oku-pulsating ngaphakathi kokukhanya nobumnyama, kodwa ukuguquka kwazo phakathi kwezi meko zimbini kwenzeka ngesantya esimangalisayo, zifikelela kummandla we-attoseconds.

Ukwahlulwahlulwa ngakumbi ngokwamandla kubeka iilaser kwiibrackets zamandla aphantsi, amandla aphakathi, kunye namandla aphezulu. Iilaser ze-Attosecond zifumana amandla aphezulu ngenxa yexesha lazo elifutshane kakhulu lokubetha, nto leyo ebangela amandla aphezulu kakhulu (P) – achazwa njengobunzima bamandla ngexesha leyunithi (P=W/t). Nangona iipulses zelaser ze-attosecond nganye zisenokungabi namandla amakhulu kakhulu (W), ubungakanani bazo obufutshane bexesha (t) buzinika amandla aphezulu aphezulu.

Ngokuphathelele iindawo zokusetyenziswa, ii-laser zigubungela uluhlu olubanzi oluquka ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso, ezonyango, kunye nesayensi. Ii-laser ze-Attosecond ngokuyintloko zifumana indawo yazo kwicandelo lophando lwesayensi, ngakumbi ekuphononongeni izinto ezitshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo zefiziksi kunye nekhemistri, zibonelela ngefestile kwiinkqubo ezikhawulezayo ze-microcosmic dynamic world.

Ukwahlulwahlulwa ngokwe-laser medium kubonakalisa ii-laser njenge-gas lasers, i-solid-state lasers, i-liquid lasers, kunye ne-semiconductor lasers. Ukuveliswa kwee-attosecond lasers kudla ngokuxhomekeke kwi-gas laser media, kusetyenziswa iziphumo ze-nonlinear optical ukuvelisa ii-harmonics eziphezulu.

Kwi-summation, ii-laser ze-attosecond zenza udidi olulodwa lwee-laser ze-short-pulse, ezahlulwe bubude bazo obufutshane kakhulu be-pulse, obuhlala bulinganiswa kwi-attoseconds. Ngenxa yoko, ziye zaba zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo zokujonga nokulawula iinkqubo ezikhawulezayo ze-electron ngaphakathi kwee-athomu, ii-molecules, kunye nezinto eziqinileyo.

Inkqubo Ecacileyo Yokwenziwa Kwe-Attosecond Laser

Itekhnoloji ye-laser ye-Attosecond iphambili kuphuhliso lwesayensi, ineemeko ezintsonkothileyo nezinomdla zokwenziwa kwayo. Ukuze sicacise ubunzima bokuveliswa kwe-laser ye-attosecond, siqala ngenkcazo emfutshane yemigaqo yayo esisiseko, ilandelwe zizifaniso ezicacileyo ezithathwe kumava emihla ngemihla. Abafundi abangayaziyo intsonkothe ​​yefiziksi efanelekileyo akufuneki baphelelwe lithemba, njengoko izifaniso ezilandelayo zijolise ekwenzeni ifiziksi esisiseko ye-laser ye-attosecond ifumaneke.

Inkqubo yokuveliswa kwee-laser ze-attosecond ixhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela eyaziwa ngokuba yi-High Harmonic Generation (HHG). Okokuqala, umqadi wee-laser pulses ze-femtosecond ezinamandla aphezulu (10^-15 seconds) ugxile kakhulu kwizinto ezijolise kuzo igesi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ii-laser ze-femtosecond, ezifana nee-laser ze-attosecond, zabelana ngeempawu zokuba nexesha elifutshane lokubetha kwentliziyo kunye namandla aphezulu. Phantsi kwempembelelo yentsimi ye-laser enamandla, ii-electron ezikwii-athomu zegesi zikhululwa okomzuzwana kwi-atomic nuclei zazo, zingena okwethutyana kwimeko yee-electron ezikhululekileyo. Njengoko ezi electron zitshintshatshintsha ukuphendula kwintsimi ye-laser, ekugqibeleni zibuyela kwaye ziphinde zihlangane nee-atomic nuclei zazo, zidala iimeko ezintsha zamandla aphezulu.

Ngexesha lale nkqubo, ii-elektroni zihamba ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu, kwaye xa ziphinda zihlanganiswe nee-atomic nuclei, zikhupha amandla ongezelelweyo ngendlela yokukhupha okuphezulu kwe-harmonic, okubonakala njengee-photons ezinamandla aphezulu.

Iifrequencies zezi photons zintsha eziveliswa ngamandla aphezulu zii-integer multiples ze-original laser frequency, zenze oko kubizwa ngokuba yi-high-order harmonics, apho "ii-harmonics" zithetha iifrequencies eziyi-integral multiples ze-original frequency. Ukuze ufumane ii-attosecond lasers, kuyimfuneko ukucoca nokugxila ezi harmonics ze-high-order, ukhethe ii-harmonics ezithile uze uzibeke kwindawo ethile. Ukuba uyafuna, iindlela zoxinzelelo lwe-pulse zinokufinyeza ngakumbi ubude be-pulse, zivelise ii-pulses ezimfutshane kakhulu kuluhlu lwe-attosecond. Ngokucacileyo, ukuveliswa kwee-attosecond lasers kuyinkqubo enobuchule neneenkalo ezininzi, efuna ubuchule obuphezulu bobuchwephesha kunye nezixhobo ezikhethekileyo.

Ukuze sicacise le nkqubo intsonkothileyo, sinika umfuziselo osekelwe kwiimeko zemihla ngemihla:

Iipulses zeLaser zeFemtosecond ezineNgqiqo ephezulu:

Khawucinge ngokuba ne-catapult enamandla kakhulu ekwaziyo ukuphosa amatye ngesantya esikhulu, njengendima edlalwa zii-laser pulses ze-femtosecond ezinamandla kakhulu.

Izinto ezijolise kwiGesi:

Khawucinge ngamanzi athuleyo afanekisela izinto ezijoliswe kwigesi, apho ithontsi ngalinye lamanzi limele iiathom ezininzi zegesi. Isenzo sokutyhala amatye kulo mzimba wamanzi ngokufanayo sibonisa impembelelo yee-laser pulses ze-femtosecond ezinamandla aphezulu kwizinto ezijoliswe kwigesi.

Ukushukuma kwe-Electron kunye nokuHlanganisa (Utshintsho olubizwa ngokuba yi-Physical Transition):

Xa ii-laser pulses ze-femtosecond zichaphazela ii-athomu zegesi ngaphakathi kwezinto ezijoliswe kuzo zegesi, inani elikhulu lee-electron zangaphandle livuselelwa okomzuzwana kwimeko apho ziphuma kwi-atomic nuclei zazo, zenze imeko efana ne-plasma. Njengoko amandla enkqubo ehla kamva (ekubeni ii-laser pulses zivuselelwa ngokwemvelo, zinee-intervals zokuyeka), ezi electron zangaphandle zibuyela kufutshane ne-atomic nuclei, zikhupha ii-photon zamandla aphezulu.

Isizukulwana Esiphezulu SeHarmonic:

Khawuthelekelele ixesha ngalinye ithontsi lamanzi liwela kumphezulu wechibi, lidala amaza, afana neeharmonics eziphezulu kwi-attosecond lasers. La maza aneefrikhwensi eziphezulu kunye ne-amplitudes kunee-ripples zokuqala ezibangelwa yi-primary femtosecond laser pulse. Ngexesha lenkqubo ye-HHG, umqadi welaser onamandla, ofana nokuphosa amatye rhoqo, ukhanyisa ithagethi yegesi, efana nomphezulu wechibi. Le ntsimi yelaser enamandla ihambisa ii-electron kwigesi, efana nee-ripples, kude nee-athomu zazo zokuqala ize izitsale. Ngalo lonke ixesha i-electron ibuyela kwi-athomu, ikhupha umqadi welaser omtsha onomlinganiselo ophezulu, ofana neepateni ze-ripple ezintsonkothileyo.

Ukucoca kunye nokugxila:

Ukudibanisa zonke ezi mitha ze-laser ezisandula ukuveliswa kuvelisa uluhlu lwemibala eyahlukeneyo (iifrequencies okanye ubude be-wavelengths), ezinye zazo zenza i-attosecond laser. Ukuze ufumane ubungakanani kunye neefrequencies ezithile ze-ripple, ungasebenzisa isihluzi esikhethekileyo, njengokukhetha ii-ripple ozifunayo, kwaye usebenzise iglasi yokukhulisa ukuze uzijolise kwindawo ethile.

Ukucinezelwa kwePulse (ukuba kuyimfuneko):

Ukuba ujonge ukusasaza ama-ripples ngokukhawuleza nangokufutshane, ungakhawulezisa ukusasazeka kwawo usebenzisa isixhobo esikhethekileyo, unciphise ixesha elihlala ngalo i-ripple nganye. Ukuveliswa kwe-attosecond lasers kubandakanya ukudibana okuntsonkothileyo kweenkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, xa yahlulwe kwaye ibonwa, iyaqondakala ngakumbi.