Umgaqo osisiseko wokusebenza kwelaser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) usekelwe kwinto yokukhutshwa kokukhanya okukhuthazwayo. Ngoluhlu lwezakhiwo ezichanekileyo, iilaser zivelisa imisebe enokuhambelana okuphezulu, i-monochromaticity, kunye nokukhanya. Iilaser zisetyenziswa kakhulu kubuchwepheshe banamhlanje, kuquka kwiindawo ezifana nonxibelelwano, amayeza, imveliso, ukulinganisa, kunye nophando lwesayensi. Ukusebenza kwazo okuphezulu kunye neempawu zolawulo ezichanekileyo zenza zibe yinxalenye ephambili yetekhnoloji ezininzi. Apha ngezantsi kukho inkcazo eneenkcukacha yemigaqo yokusebenza kweelaser kunye neendlela zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeelaser.
1. Ukukhupha Umoya Okukhuthazwayo
Ukukhupha okukhuthazwayongumgaqo osisiseko emva kokuveliswa kwe-laser, owaqalwa u-Einstein ngo-1917. Le nto ichaza indlela ii-photons ezihambelanayo eziveliswa ngayo ngokusebenzisana phakathi kokukhanya kunye ne-excited-state matter. Ukuze siqonde ngcono ukukhutshwa okukhuthazwayo, masiqale ngokukhutshwa okuzenzekelayo:
Ukukhupha Umoya Okuzenzekelayo: Kwiiathom, iimolekyuli, okanye ezinye iisuntswana ezincinci, ii-electron zinokufunxa amandla angaphandle (njengamandla ombane okanye optical) kwaye zitshintshele kwinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla, elaziwa ngokuba yi-excited state. Nangona kunjalo, ii-electron ze-excited-state azizinzanga kwaye ekugqibeleni ziya kubuyela kwinqanaba eliphantsi lamandla, elaziwa ngokuba yi-ground state, emva kwexesha elifutshane. Ngexesha lale nkqubo, i-electron ikhupha i-photon, eyi-spontaneous emission. Ezo photon azicwangciswanga ngokwe-frequency, phase, kunye ne-direction, kwaye ngaloo ndlela azinawo ukuhambelana.
Ukukhupha Umoya Okukhuthazwayo: Isitshixo sokukhupha umoya ovuselelekileyo kukuba xa i-electron yesimo esivuselelweyo idibana ne-photon enegunya elihambelana namandla ayo okuguquka, i-photon inokubangela ukuba i-electron ibuyele kwimeko yomhlaba ngelixa ikhupha i-photon entsha. I-photon entsha ifana neyokuqala ngokwexesha, isigaba, kunye nolwalathiso lokusasazeka, nto leyo ephumela ekukhanyeni okucacileyo. Le nto ikhulisa kakhulu inani kunye namandla e-photon kwaye yindlela ephambili ye-laser.
Impendulo Elungileyo Impembelelo Yokukhupha Okukhuthazwayo: Kuyilo lwee-laser, inkqubo yokukhupha umbane ekhuthazwayo iphindaphindwa amaxesha amaninzi, kwaye le mpembelelo yempendulo entle inokunyusa inani lee-photon ngokukhawuleza. Ngoncedo lwe-resonant cavity, ukuhambelana kwee-photon kugcinwa, kwaye amandla okukhanya ayanda rhoqo.
2. Fumana iMedium
Iinzuzo ephakathiyimathiriyeli ephambili kwilaser emisela ukwanda kweephoton kunye nemveliso yelaser. Yisiseko esibonakalayo sokukhutshwa okukhuthazwayo, kwaye iipropati zayo zimisela imvamisa, ubude bomda, kunye namandla emveliso yelaser. Uhlobo kunye neempawu ze-gain medium zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusetyenziswa kunye nokusebenza kwelaser.
Indlela Yokuvusa: Ii-electron kwi-gain medium kufuneka zivuselelwe ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla ngumthombo wamandla wangaphandle. Le nkqubo idla ngokufezekiswa ziinkqubo zokubonelela ngamandla zangaphandle. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuvuselela ziquka:
Ukupompa kombane: Ukuvusa ii-elektroni kwi-gain medium ngokusebenzisa umsinga wombane.
Ukupompa okubonakalayo: Ukuvuselela i-medium ngomthombo wokukhanya (njengesibane esikhanyayo okanye enye i-laser).
Inkqubo yamanqanaba amandlaIi-electron kwi-gain medium zihlala zisasazwa kumanqanaba athile amandla. Ezona zixhaphakileyo zeziiinkqubo ezinamanqanaba amabinikwayeiinkqubo zamanqanaba amaneKwinkqubo elula enamanqanaba amabini, ii-elektroni zitshintsha ukusuka kwimeko yomhlaba ukuya kwimeko yovuyo zize zibuyele kwimeko yomhlaba ngokukhupha okukhuthazwayo. Kwinkqubo enamanqanaba amane, ii-elektroni zenza utshintsho oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo amandla, nto leyo edla ngokubangela ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu.
Iintlobo zeGain Media:
I-Gas Gain MediumUmzekelo, ii-laser ze-helium-neon (He-Ne). I-gas gain media yaziwa ngokukhupha kwayo okuzinzileyo kunye nobude obungaguqukiyo, kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu njengemithombo yokukhanya eqhelekileyo kwiilabhoratri.
Ulwelo oluPhumayo oluPhakathiUmzekelo, iileyiza zedayi. Iimolekyuli zedayi zineempawu ezilungileyo zokuchukumisa kwiiwavelength ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibe zilungele iileyiza ezilungisekayo.
Inzuzo EqinileyoUmzekelo, iilaser ze-Nd (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet). Ezi laser zisebenza kakuhle kwaye zinamandla, kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekusikeni, ekudibaniseni, nakwiinkqubo zonyango.
I-Semiconductor Gain MediumUmzekelo, izixhobo ze-gallium arsenide (GaAs) zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo zonxibelelwano kunye ne-optoelectronic ezifana nee-laser diodes.
3. Umgodi weResonator
Iumngxuma we-resonatorlicandelo lesakhiwo kwi-laser elisetyenziselwa impendulo kunye nokwandisa. Umsebenzi walo ophambili kukuphucula inani lee-photon eziveliswa ngokukhupha okukhuthazwayo ngokuzibonakalisa nokuzikhulisa ngaphakathi komngxuma, ngaloo ndlela zivelisa imveliso ye-laser enamandla negxile.
Ulwakhiwo lweResonator Cavity: Idla ngokuba nezipili ezibini ezilinganayo. Esinye sisipili esibonakalisa ngokupheleleyo, esaziwa ngokubaisibuko esingasemva, kwaye enye sisipili esibonakalisa kancinci, esaziwa ngokuba yiisibuko esiphumayoIifotoni zibonakala zibuyela umva ngaphakathi kwi-cavity kwaye ziyandiswa ngokusebenzisana ne-gain medium.
Imeko yeResonance: Uyilo lwe-resonator cavity kufuneka luhlangabezane neemeko ezithile, njengokuqinisekisa ukuba ii-photons zenza amaza amiyo ngaphakathi kwe-cavity. Oku kufuna ukuba ubude be-cavity bube yi-multiple ye-laser wavelength. Kuphela ngamaza okukhanya ahlangabezana nezi meko anokwandiswa ngokufanelekileyo ngaphakathi kwe-cavity.
Umqadi wokuphuma: Isibuko esikhanyayo kancinci sivumela inxalenye yomqadi wokukhanya okhulisiweyo ukuba udlule, nto leyo eyenza umqadi wokuphuma kwelaser. Lo mqadi unecala eliphezulu, ukuhambelana, kunye ne-monochromaticity..
Ukuba ufuna ukufunda okungakumbi okanye unomdla kwi-laser, nceda uzive ukhululekile ukuqhagamshelana nathi:
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Ixesha leposi: Septemba-18-2024