Iindaba-Umgaqo-siseko osisiseko kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-TOF (Ixesha le-Flight) Inkqubo

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Olu chungechunge lujolise ekunikeni abafundi ukuqonda okunzulu kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwenkqubo ye-Time of Flight (TOF). Umxholo uquka isishwankathelo esibanzi seenkqubo ze-TOF, kubandakanywa neenkcazo ezineenkcukacha zazo zombini i-TOF engathanga ngqo (iTOF) kunye ne-TOF ngqo (dTOF). La macandelo ahlalutya kwiiparameters zenkqubo, izinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo, kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-algorithms. Eli nqaku liphinda lihlolisise amacandelo ahlukeneyo eenkqubo ze-TOF, njenge-Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs), iilensi zokuhambisa kunye nokwamkela, ukufumana i-sensor njenge-CIS, i-APD, i-SPAD, i-SiPM, kunye neesekethe zomqhubi ezifana ne-ASICs.

Intshayelelo ye TOF(Ixesha lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya)

Imigaqo esisiseko

I-TOF, emele i-Time of Flight, yindlela esetyenziswayo ukulinganisa umgama ngokubala ixesha elithathwayo ukuze ukukhanya kuhambe umgama othile phakathi. Lo mgaqo usetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiimeko ze-Optical TOF kwaye uthe tye ngokuthe ngqo. Inkqubo ibandakanya umthombo wokukhanya okhupha i-beam yokukhanya, kunye nexesha lokukhutshwa kwerekhodi. Oku kukhanya ke kubonakalisa kwithagethi, kubanjwe ngumamkeli, kwaye ixesha lokwamkela liqatshelwe. Umahluko kula maxesha, ochazwe njenge-t, umisela umgama (d = isantya sokukhanya (c) × t / 2).

Iindidi ze-ToF Sensors

Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili ze-ToF sensors: i-optical kunye ne-electromagnetic. Izinzwa ze-Optical ToF, ezixhaphake kakhulu, zisebenzisa ii-pulses zokukhanya, ngokuqhelekileyo kuluhlu lwe-infrared, kumlinganiselo womgama. Ezi pulses zikhutshwa kwi-sensor, zibonise into, kwaye zibuyele kwi-sensor, apho ixesha lokuhamba lilinganiswa kwaye lisetyenziselwa ukubala umgama. Ngokwahlukileyo, izinzwa ze-electromagnetic ToF zisebenzisa amaza e-electromagnetic, njenge radar okanye i-lidar, ukulinganisa umgama. Basebenza kumgaqo ofanayo kodwa basebenzisa indlela eyahlukileyo yeumlinganiselo womgama.

Ukusetyenziswa kweeSensors zeToF

Abenzi boluvo be-ToF bayaguquguquka kwaye badityaniswe kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo:

Iirobhothi:Isetyenziselwa ukukhangela imiqobo kunye nokuhamba. Umzekelo, iirobhothi ezifana neRoomba kunye neBoston Dynamics 'Atlas zisebenzisa iikhamera ezinzulu zeToF ukwenza imaphu yendawo ezingqongileyo kunye nokucwangcisa iintshukumo.

IiNkqubo zoKhuseleko:Izinzwa eziqhelekileyo kwiintshukumo zokubona abangeneleli, ukwenza ii-alamu, okanye ukusebenzisa iinkqubo zekhamera.

Ushishino lweemoto:Idityaniswe kwiinkqubo zokuncedisa abaqhubi ukulungiselela ulawulo lokuhamba ngenqanawa kunye nokuphepha ukungqubana, kuya kuxhaphaka ngakumbi kwiimodeli zezithuthi ezintsha.

Intsimi yezonyango: Baqeshwe kwi-imaging engabonakaliyo kunye nokuxilongwa, njenge-optical coherence tomography (OCT), ukuvelisa imifanekiso ye-high-resolution tissue.

I-Electronics yabathengi: Idityaniswe kwii-smartphones, iitafile, kunye neelaptops zeempawu ezifana nokuqondwa kobuso, uqinisekiso lwebhayometriki, kunye nokuqondwa komzimba.

Iidrone:Isetyenziselwa ukukhangela, ukuphepha ukungqubana, kunye nokujongana nobumfihlo kunye neenkxalabo zokubhabha.

TOF System Architecture

Inkqubo ye-TOF eqhelekileyo iqulathe amacandelo amaninzi aphambili ukuphumeza umlinganiselo womgama njengoko kuchaziwe:

· Isidluliseli (Tx):Oku kubandakanya umthombo wokukhanya kwelaser, ikakhulu aVCSEL, isekethe yomqhubi we-ASIC yokuqhuba i-laser, kunye nezixhobo ezibonakalayo zokulawula i-beam ezifana ne-collimating lens okanye i-diffractive optical elements, kunye nezihlungi.
· Umamkeli (Rx):Oku kuqulethwe iilensi kunye nezihlungi ekupheleni kokufumana, izinzwa ezifana neCIS, i-SPAD, okanye i-SiPM ngokuxhomekeke kwinkqubo ye-TOF, kunye neProsesa yeSignali yoMfanekiso (ISP) yokucubungula inani elikhulu ledatha kwi-chip ye-receiver.
·Ulawulo lwamandla:Ukulawula okuzinzileyoulawulo lwangoku lwee-VCSEL kunye nombane ophezulu wee-SPADs lubalulekile, lufuna ulawulo olomeleleyo lwamandla.
· Uluhlu lwenkqubo:Oku kubandakanya i-firmware, i-SDK, i-OS, kunye ne-application layer.

I-architecture ibonisa indlela i-laser beam, evela kwi-VCSEL kwaye iguqulwe ngamacandelo e-optical, ihamba kwindawo, ibonakalisa into, kwaye ibuyele kummkeli. Ukubalwa kwexesha lokudlula kule nkqubo kubonisa umgama okanye ulwazi olunzulu. Nangona kunjalo, olu lwakhiwo aluyiquki iindlela zengxolo, njengengxolo ebangelwa kukukhanya kwelanga okanye ingxolo yeendlela ezininzi ezivela kwimiboniso, ekuxoxwa ngayo kamva kuthotho.

Ukuhlelwa kweeNkqubo ze-TOF

Iinkqubo ze-TOF zihlelwa ngokukodwa ngeendlela zabo zokulinganisa umgama: i-TOF ngqo (dTOF) kunye ne-TOF engathanga ngqo (iTOF), nganye ine-hardware eyahlukileyo kunye neendlela ze-algorithmic. Olu chungechunge luqale luchaze imigaqo-siseko yabo ngaphambi kokuphonononga kuhlalutyo lothelekiso lwezibonelelo zabo, imingeni, kunye neeparamitha zenkqubo.

Ngaphandle komgaqo obonakala ulula we-TOF - ukhupha i-pulse elula kunye nokufumanisa ukubuya kwayo ukubala umgama - ukuntsonkotha kulele ekwahluleni ukukhanya okubuyayo kukukhanya okujikelezayo. Oku kulungiswa ngokukhupha ukukhanya okuqaqambileyo okwaneleyo ukuphumeza umlinganiselo ophezulu wesignali ukuya kwingxolo kunye nokukhetha ubude obufanelekileyo bokumaza ukuze kuncitshiswe ukuphazamiseka kokukhanya kokusingqongileyo. Enye indlela kukufaka iikhowudi ekukhanyeni okukhutshiweyo ukuze kwahluleke ekubuyeni, kufana neempawu ze-SOS ezinethotshi.

Olu chungechunge luqhubela phambili ngokuthelekisa i-dTOF kunye ne-iTOF, zixoxa ngokungafaniyo, iinzuzo, kunye nemingeni ngokweenkcukacha, kwaye zihlela ngakumbi iinkqubo ze-TOF ngokusekelwe kubunzima bolwazi abalunikezayo, ukusuka kwi-1D TOF ukuya kwi-3D TOF.

dTOF

I-Direct TOF ilinganisa ngokuthe ngqo ixesha lokubhabha lephoton. Inxalenye yayo ephambili, iSingle Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD), inovakalelo ngokwaneleyo ukuze ibone iifotoni enye. I-dTOF isebenzisa i-Time Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) ukulinganisa ixesha lokufika kweefoton, ukwakha i-histogram ukuze kuthathwe owona mgama unokwenzeka ngokusekelwe kwi-frequency ephezulu yomahluko wexesha elithile.

iTOF

I-TOF engathanga ngqo ibala ixesha lokubhabha ngokusekwe kumahluko wesigaba phakathi kweefom zamaza ezikhutshiweyo nezifunyenweyo, ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenzisa amaza amaza aqhubekayo okanye imiqondiso yokumodareyitha kwepulse. I-iTOF inokusebenzisa i-architectures ye-sensor ye-architectures yomfanekiso, ukulinganisa ukukhanya kokukhanya ngexesha.

I-iTOF iphinda ihlulwe ibe yi-modulation wave wave (CW-iTOF) kunye ne-pulse modulation (Pulsed-iTOF). I-CW-iTOF ilinganisa ukutshintshwa kwesigaba phakathi kwamaza e-sinusoidal akhutshiweyo kunye afunyenweyo, ngelixa i-Pulsed-iTOF ibala ukutshintshwa kwesigaba kusetyenziswa izibonakaliso ze-square wave.

Ukufunda Ngakumbi:

Wikipedia. (nd). Ixesha lokubhabha. Ifunyenwe kwihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_of_flight
Sony Semiconductor Solutions Group. (nd). I-ToF (Ixesha lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya) | Ubuchwephesha obuqhelekileyo beeSensors zoMfanekiso. Ifunyenwe kwihttps://www.sony-semicon.com/en/technologies/tof
Microsoft. (2021, ngoFebruwari 4). Isingeniso kwiMicrosoft Time Of Flight (ToF) -I-Azure Depth Platform. Ifunyenwe kwihttps://devblogs.microsoft.com/azure-depth-platform/intro-to-microsoft-time-of-flight-tof
ESCATEC. (2023, Matshi 2). Ixesha le-Flight (TOF) iiSensors: Umbono onzulu kunye nezicelo. Ifunyenwe kwihttps://www.escatec.com/news/time-of-flight-tof-sensor-an-in-depth-overview-and-applications

Ukusuka kwiphepha lewebhuhttps://faster-than-light.net/TOFSystem_C1/

ngumbhali: Chao Guang

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